Prevalence and severity of tooth wear and risk factors among young adults in Southern Brazil / Prevalência e gravidade do desgaste dentário e fatores de risco entre adultos jovens no sul do Brasil

Introduction: In studies on the prevalence of tooth wear, few publications related to young adults are found. Ob-jectives: To explore the associations of behavioral, me-dical, and socio-demographic variables with prevalence and severity of tooth wear of the whole dentition, in a sample of young adults, using a modified version of the Tooth Wear Index (TWI). Methods: Sample consisted of 116 university dental students with an average age of 23 years, who answered a questionnaire related to sociode-mographic variables, self-perception and health behaviors. In addition, individuals underwent a clinical evaluation of tooth wear by one trained examiner using the TWI modified by Smith and Knight. Logistic regression was carried out at individual level. Results: A total of 9,906 dental surfaces in 116 individuals were examined, 72.27 % dental surfaces had no tooth wear (grade 0), but all individuals had at least one worn surface. Among the individuals, 78,4 % had grade 1 (enamel) as the highest level and 21.6% grade 2 (dentin) as the highest level. The presence of grade 2 tooth wear was mainly prevalent in the following individuals: male; smoker; with bruxism, and among those who reported having undergone or-thodontic treatment. Analyzing the relevant factors that affect tooth wear by multiple regression analysis, it was found that smoking (OR 6.67; IC 1.73- 25.76) and bruxism (grinding) (OR 4.05; IC 1.29- 12.7) had the greatest effect on tooth wear. Conclusions: Our results suggest that being male, being a current smoker, having grinding bruxism and having previous orthodontic treatment are associated with tooth wear.

Introdução: Nos estudos de prevalência em desgaste dental encontramos poucos trabalhos relacio-nados com adultos jovens. Objetivos: Explorar a associação de variáveis comportamentais, médicas e sociodemográficas com desgaste dentário em uma amostra de adultos jovens, utilizando uma versão modificada do índice Tooth Wear Index (TWI). Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 116 estudantes universitários de Odontologia, com média de 23.3 anos de idade, que responderam a um questionário relacionado às variáveis sociodemográficas, de autopercepção e comportamentais em saúde. Além disso, esses indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica do desgaste dental por um examinador treinado usando o TWI modificado por Smith e Knight. Regressão logística foi realizada em nível indivi-dual. Resultados: Um total de 9.906 superfícies dentárias em 116 indivíduos foram examinadas, 72,27% das superfícies não apresentavam desgaste dentário (grau 0), mas todos os indivíduos apresentavam pelo menos uma superfície desgastada. Dentre os indivíduos 78,4% apresentaram grau 1 (esmalte) como o nível mais alto e 21,6% grau 2 (dentina) como o mais alto. A presença de desgaste dentário de grau 2 foi principalmente prevalente nos seguintes indivíduos: sexo masculino; fumante; com bruxismo, e entre aqueles que relataram ter realizado tratamento ortodôntico. Analisando os fatores relevantes que afetam o desgaste dentário por análise de regressão múltipla, se verificou que tabagismo (OR = 6,67; IC 1,73-25,76) e bruxismo (OR = 4,05; IC 1,29-12,7) tiveram o maior efeito associado sobre o des-gaste dentário. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que ser do sexo masculino, tabagista, relatar bruxismo e ter realizado tratamento ortodôntico prévio está associado ao desgaste dentário.

Is the COPD Assessment Test sensitive for differentiating COPD patients from active smokers and nonsmokers without lung function impairment? A population-based study / O COPD Assessment Test é sensível para diferenciar pacientes com DPOC de indivíduos tabagistas e não tabagistas sem a doença? Um estudo de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores in adults with and without COPD, as well as to compare the CAT scores for nonsmokers, former smokers, and smokers without COPD with those for patients with COPD. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study (the Respira Floripa study). The study included adults ≥ 40 years of age residing in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil. A total of 846 households were surveyed. In addition to completing the Respira Floripa questionnaire and the CAT, participants underwent pulmonary function testing. Results: We analyzed data on 1,057 participants (88.1% of the predicted sample size). A functional diagnosis of COPD was made in 92 participants (8.7%). Of those, 72% were unaware that they had COPD. The mean CAT score was higher in the group of COPD patients than in that of individuals without COPD (10.6 [95% CI: 8.8-12.4] vs. 6.6 [95% CI: 6.1-7.0]; p < 0.01). Individual item scores were significantly higher in the patients with COPD than in the individuals without COPD (p < 0.001), the exception being the scores for the items related to sleep (p = 0.13) and energy (p = 0.08). The mean CAT score was higher in the group of COPD patients than in nonsmokers (5.8 [95% CI: 5.3-6.4]) and former smokers (6.4 [95% CI: 5.6-7.2]; p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the mean CAT score between the group of COPD patients and smokers without COPD (9.5 [95% CI: 8.2-10.8]; p > 0.05), the exception being the mean scores for confidence leaving home (p = 0.02). Conclusions: CAT scores were higher in the group of patients with COPD than in nonsmokers and former smokers without COPD. However, there were no significant differences in CAT scores between COPD patients and smokers without COPD. Smokers with an FEV1/FVC ratio > 0.70 have impaired health status and respiratory symptoms similar to those observed in COPD patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a pontuação obtida no COPD Assessment Test (CAT, Teste de Avaliação da DPOC) por adultos com e sem DPOC, bem como comparar a pontuação obtida no CAT por não fumantes, ex-fumantes e fumantes sem DPOC com a obtida por pacientes com DPOC. Métodos: Estudo populacional transversal (Respira Floripa) do qual participaram adultos com idade ≥ 40 anos, residentes em Florianópolis (SC). Foram investigados 846 domicílios. Além de responderem aos questionários do Respira Floripa e CAT, os participantes realizaram prova de função pulmonar. Resultados: Foram analisados dados referentes a 1.057 participantes (88,1% da amostra prevista). Noventa e dois participantes (8,7%) receberam diagnóstico funcional de DPOC. Destes, 72% não estavam cientes de que tinham DPOC. A média da pontuação no CAT foi maior no grupo de pacientes com DPOC que no de indivíduos sem DPOC [10,6 (IC95%: 8,8-12,4) vs. 6,6 (IC95%: 6,1-7,0); p < 0,01]. A pontuação obtida em cada item do CAT foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com DPOC que nos indivíduos sem DPOC (p < 0,001), à exceção da pontuação obtida nos itens referentes a sono (p = 0,13) e energia (p = 0,08). A média da pontuação no CAT foi maior nos pacientes com DPOC que em não fumantes [5,8 (IC95%: 5,3-6,4)] e ex-fumantes [6,4 (IC95%: 5,6-7,2); p < 0,05]. Entretanto, não houve diferenças significativas entre os pacientes com DPOC e fumantes sem DPOC quanto à média da pontuação no CAT [9,5 (IC95%: 8,2-10,8); p > 0,05], à exceção da média da pontuação no item confiança ao sair de casa (p = 0,02). Conclusões: A pontuação no CAT foi maior no grupo de pacientes com DPOC que em não fumantes e ex-fumantes sem DPOC. Entretanto, não houve diferenças significativas entre pacientes com DPOC e fumantes sem DPOC quanto à pontuação no CAT. Fumantes com relação VEF1/CVF > 0,70 apresentam estado de saúde comprometido e sintomas respiratórios semelhantes aos de pacientes com DPOC.

Variables clínicas y funcionales asociadas al riesgo de muerte en el seguimiento a largo plazo en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Clinical and functional variables associated to long-term mortality in COPD patients

Background: Identifying risk factors for long-term mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could improve their clinical management. Aim: To examine the clinical variables associated to long-term mortality in a cohort of COPD patients. Patients and Methods: A clinical and respiratory functional assessment, chest computed tomography and clinical follow up for five years was carried out in 202 COPD patients aged 66 ± 9 years (59% males), active or former smokers of 10 or more pack-years. Results: Thirty four percent of patients were active smokers, consuming 46 ± 23 packs/year, 86% had comorbidities, especially chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Forty-six patients died in the five years follow-up (5-year mortality was therefore 22.8%). In the univariate analysis, the main risk factors associated to long-term mortality were an older age, male sex, dyspnea severity, severe exacerbation risk, chronic respiratory failure, magnitude of lung emphysema, airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation, reduction of thigh muscle cross-sectional area and physical activity limitation. In the multivariate analysis, the three independent risk factors for long-term mortality were dyspnea severity, chronic hypoxemia and exercise limitation measured with the six minutes' walk test. Conclusions: Systematic clinical assessment allowed to identify the main risk factors associated with long-term mortality in patients with COPD, which could be used in planning preventive and management programs aimed at the high-risk population.

Factores que influyen en la demora diagnóstica de la neoplasia de pulmón en egresados vivos / Factors that influence the diagnostic delay of lung neoplasia in patients discharged alive

Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón es el tumor maligno más frecuente en el mundo, en Cuba es la segunda causa de muerte, su pronóstico depende de diferentes factores entre ellos el intervalo entre el primer síntoma y el inicio del tratamiento. Objetivo: determinar los factores que influyen en la demora en el diagnóstico de los pacientes con neoplasia de pulmón. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal de los pacientes egresados vivos con diagnóstico de neoplasia de pulmón en el Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos J. Finlay en el período comprendido entre enero 2016 a enero 2017. Resultados: la neoplasia de pulmón fue más frecuente en mayores de 50 años, del sexo masculino y con estrecha relación con el hábito de fumar, la falta de aire fue el principal síntoma por el que acudieron los pacientes después de un mes de inicio de la sintomatología. La estadía hospitalaria fue superior a los 20 días y se realizó el diagnóstico histológico en pocos pacientes. Conclusiones: la demora en el diagnóstico de la neoplasia de pulmón influye en su supervivencia, pues no se les puede realizar un tratamiento oncoespecífico(AU)

Introduction: lung cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor in the world, in Cuba it is the second cause of death, its prognosis depends on different factors including the interval between the first symptom and the start of treatment. Objective: to determine the factors that influence the delay in the diagnosis of patients with lung neoplasia. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study of live patients with diagnosis of lung neoplasm was performed at the Military Hospital Dr. Carlos J. Finlay in the period from January 2016 to January 2017. Results: lung neoplasia was more frequent in men over 50 years of age, and with a close relationship with smoking, lack of air was the main symptom for which patients came after a month of onset of smoking symptomatology. The hospital stay was longer than 20 days and the histological diagnosis was made in a few patients. Conclusions: the delay in the diagnosis of lung neoplasia influences their survival, since they cannot be treated onco-specific(AU)

Smoking promotes exacerbated inflammatory features in dendritic cells of Chilean rheumatoid arthritis patients / El tabaco exacerba características inflamatorias en células dendríticas de pacientes chilenos con artritis reumatoide

ABSTRACT Background: The dual potential to promote tolerance or inflammation when facing self-antigens makes dendritic cells (DCs) fundamental players in autoimmunity. There is an association between smoking and DCs maturation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, ethnicity is a key factor in autoimmune disorders. Aim: To evaluate phenotypic and functional alterations of DCs obtained from Chilean patients with RA as compared to healthy controls (HC). In second term, to compare the inflammatory behaviour of DCs between smoker and non-smoker patients. Material and Methods: Monocyte-derived DCs and T-cells were obtained from blood samples isolated from 30 HC and 32 RA-patients, 14 of which were currently smokers and 18 non-smokers. Several maturation surface markers were evaluated in DCs, including HLA-DR, CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86. Furthermore, autologous co-cultures of DCs and T-cells were carried out and then T-cell proliferation, and expansion of Th1, Th17 and Tregs were analysed. Results: Compared with HC, RA-patients displayed increased HLA-DR expression in DCs, which was manifested mainly in patients with moderate-to- high disease activity scores (DAS28). Furthermore, RA-patients presented a stronger Th17-expansion and a correlation between DAS28 and Th1-expansion. Both effects were mainly observed in patients in remission or with a low DAS28. Moreover, smoker RA-patients displayed enhanced HLA-DR and CD83 expression in DCs as well as an exacerbated Th17-expansion and a correlation between DAS28 and Th1-expansion. Conclusions: These findings suggest that smoking enhances the inflammatory behaviour of DCs and the consequent Th1 and Th17-mediated response in patients with RA

Introducción: El potencial dual que poseen para promover tolerancia o inflamación ante antígenos propios, hace de las células dendríticas (CDs) actores fundamentales en el desarrollo de autoinmunidad. Existe una asociación entre fumar y la maduración de las CDs en pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR). No obstante, la etnicidad es un factor clave a considerar en desórdenes autoinmunes. Objetivos: Comparar las alteraciones fenotípicas y funcionales de las CDs obtenidas desde pacientes Chilenos con AR y controles sanos (CS). Además, analizamos las diferencias en el comportamiento inflamatorio que existe entre las CDs obtenidas de pacientes fumadores y CS. Materiales y Métodos: Se obtuvieron CDs derivadas de monocitos y células T desde muestras de sangre aisladas de 30 CS y 32 pacientes con AR, 14 de los cuales eran fumadores y 18 no fumadores. Se evaluaron marcadores de maduración en la superficie de las CDs: HLA-DR, CD40, CD80, CD83 y CD86. Además, se realizaron co-cultivos autólogos de células T y CDs, analizando la proliferación de células T, y la expansión de células Th1, Th17 y Tregs. Resultados: En comparación con los CS, los pacientes AR mostraron un aumento de la expresión de HLA-DR en las CDs, principalmente en los individuos con DAS28 moderado-alto. Los pacientes con AR presentaron una mayor expansión de células Th17 y una correlación entre el DAS28 y la expansión de células Th1, ambos efectos manifestados principalmente en los individuos con un DAS28 bajo o en remisión. Además, los pacientes con AR fumadores mostraron un aumento en la expresión de HLA-DR y CD83 en las CDs y una expansión de células Th17 exacerbada así como una correlación entre el DAS28 y la expansión de células Th1. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que fumar favorece el comportamiento inflamatorio de las CDs y en consecuencia la inducción de respuestas mediadas por células Th1 y Th17 en los pacientes Chilenos con AR.

Estado nutricional de idosos fumantes e ex-fumantes da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil / Nutrition status of elderly smokers and former smokers of São Paulo City, Brazil

RESUMO: Objetivo: A concomitância de fumo e maus hábitos alimentares representa uma piora no prognóstico da saúde e na qualidade de vida dos idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o estado nutricional de idosos fumantes e ex-fumantes residentes na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 2010, com uma amostra representativa de 1.345 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, que fazem parte da coorte de idosos acompanhados pelo Estudo Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE). Foram descritos os aspectos sociodemográficos, de saúde e nutricionais dos idosos de acordo com o uso de tabaco na vida. Resultados: A proporção de fumantes e ex-fumantes foi de, respectivamente, 12,9 e 54,7% para o sexo masculino; 11,0 e 25,2% para o sexo feminino; e de 11,8 e 37,2% para a população total do estudo. Para ambos os sexos, com o aumento da idade, diminuiu a proporção de fumantes. A proporção de idosas fumantes com ingestão adequada de frutas foi menor. Fumantes apresentaram pior estado nutricional, com menos refeições por dia e maior frequência de baixo peso. Conclusão: Considerando-se o impacto do hábito alimentar inadequado e de fumar sobre a saúde, os fumantes idosos merecem atenção especial sobre o seu estado nutricional.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: The concomitance of smoking and poor dietary habits represents a worsened prognosis of health and quality of life for elderly. The aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional status of elderly who were smokers and former smokers and residents of São Paulo city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 with a representative sample of 1,345 individuals aged 60 years and over, who were part of the elderly cohort monitored at the SABE Study. Sociodemographic, health, and nutritional aspects of the elderly were described, according to their tobacco use in life. Results: The proportion of smokers and former smokers was 12.9 and 54.7%, 11.0 and 25.2%, and 11.8 and 37.2% for male, female, and total population, respectively. For both genders, increasing age decreased the proportion of smokers. The proportion of proper fruit intake was smaller for female smokers. Poorer nutritional status was observed in smokers, who had fewer meals per day and greater frequency of underweight compared with elderly nonsmokers. Conclusion: Considering the impact of inappropriate eating habits and smoking on health, elderly smokers deserve special attention on their nutritional status.

Longitudinal study of lung function in pregnant women: Influence of parity and smoking

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pulmonary function in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and analyze the influence of parity and smoking on spirometry parameters. METHODS: This longitudinal prospective study included a cohort of 120 pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were as follows: singleton pregnancy, gestational age less than 13.86 weeks, and no preexisting maternal diseases. The exclusion criteria were as follows: change of address, abortion, and inadequate spirometry testing. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02807038. RESULTS: A decrease in values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume were noted in the first second from the first to third trimester. In the first and third trimesters, multiparous women demonstrated lower absolute forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second compared with nulliparous women (p<0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively). Multiparous women demonstrated reduced forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75% of the maneuver compared with nulliparous women in the first (p=0.005) and third (p=0.031) trimesters. The absolute values of forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75%, forced expiratory volume in the first second and predicted peak expiratory flow values in the third trimester were higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p=0.042, p=0.039, p=0.024, and p=0.021, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second during pregnancy. Parity and smoking significantly influence spirometric variables.

Role of 1% alendronate gel as adjunct to mechanical therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among smokers

Abstract Objective Alendronate (ALN) inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and triggers osteostimulative properties both in vivo and in vitro, as shown by increase in matrix formation. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of 1% ALN gel as local drug delivery (LDD) in adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of chronic periodontitis among smokers. Material and Methods 75 intrabony defects were treated in 46 male smokers either with 1% ALN gel or placebo gel. ALN gel was prepared by adding ALN into carbopol-distilled water mixture. Clinical parameters [modified sulcus bleeding index, plaque index, probing depth (PD), and periodontal attachment level (PAL)] were recorded at baseline, at 2 months, and at 6 months, while radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and at 6 months. Defect fill at baseline and at 6 months was calculated on standardized radiographs by using the image analysis software. Results Mean PD reduction and mean PAL gain were found to be greater in the ALN group than in the placebo group, both at 2 and 6 months. Furthermore, a significantly greater mean percentage of bone fill was found in the ALN group (41.05±11.40%) compared to the placebo group (2.5±0.93%). Conclusions The results of this study showed 1% ALN stimulated a significant increase in PD reduction, PAL gain, and an improved bone fill compared to placebo gel in chronic periodontitis among smokers. Thus, 1% ALN, along with SRP, is effective in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in smokers.

Evaluation of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in pyrochlore mine workers / Avaliação da função pulmonar e sintomas respiratórios em trabalhadores da mineração de pirocloro

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify respiratory symptoms and evaluate lung function in mine workers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study involving production sector workers of a pyrochlore mining company. The subjects completed the British Medical Research Council questionnaire, which is designed to evaluate respiratory symptoms, occupational exposure factors, and smoking status. In addition, they underwent pulmonary function tests with a portable spirometer. Results: The study involved 147 workers (all male). The mean age was 41.37 ± 8.71 years, and the mean duration of occupational exposure was 12.26 ± 7.09 years. We found that 33 (22.44%) of the workers had respiratory symptoms and that 26 (17.69%) showed abnormalities in the spirometry results. However, we found that the spirometry results did not correlate significantly with the presence of respiratory symptoms or with the duration of occupational exposure. Conclusions: The frequencies of respiratory symptoms and spirometric changes were low when compared with those reported in other studies involving occupational exposure to dust. No significant associations were observed between respiratory symptoms and spirometry results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a presença de sintomas respiratórios e avaliar a função pulmonar de trabalhadores da mineração. Métodos: Estudo observacional de caráter transversal realizado com trabalhadores do setor de produção de uma mineradora de pirocloro. Para avaliar os sintomas respiratórios, fatores de exposição ocupacional e tabagismo, foi aplicado o questionário de sintomas respiratórios British Medical Research Council, e a função pulmonar foi avaliada utilizando-se um espirômetro portátil. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 147 trabalhadores, todos do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 41,37 ± 8,71 anos e com tempo de exposição ocupacional de 12,26 ± 7,09 anos. Foi observado que 33 (22,44%) dos trabalhadores apresentaram sintomas respiratórios e que 26 (17,69%) dos trabalhadores apresentaram alguma alteração nos resultados espirométricos. Entretanto, os resultados espirométricos não se correlacionaram significativamente com sintomas respiratórios e tempo de exposição. Conclusões: As frequências de sintomas respiratórios e de alterações espirométricas apresentaram-se baixas quando comparadas às de estudos que envolviam exposição à poeira ocupacional. Não foram observadas associações significativas dos sintomas respiratórios com os valores espirométricos.

Influence of Smoking Consumption and Nicotine Dependence Degree in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation / Influência do Consumo Tabagístico e Grau de Dependência Nicotínica na Modulação Autonômica Cardíaca

Abstract Background: Smoking consumption alters cardiac autonomic function. Objective: Assess the influence of the intensity of smoking and the nicotine dependence degree in cardiac autonomic modulation evaluated through index of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: 83 smokers, of both genders, between 50 and 70 years of age and with normal lung function were divided according to the intensity of smoking consumption (moderate and severe) and the nicotine dependency degree (mild, moderate and severe). The indexes of HRV were analyzed in rest condition, in linear methods in the time domain (TD), the frequency domain (FD) and through the Poincaré plot. For the comparison of smoking consumption, unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney was employed. For the analysis between the nicotine dependency degrees, we used the One-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey's post test or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's test. The significance level was p < 0,05. Results: Differences were only found when compared to the different intensities of smoking consumption in the indexes in the FD. LFun (62.89 ± 15.24 vs 75.45 ± 10.28), which corresponds to low frequency spectrum component in normalized units; HFun (37.11 ± 15.24 vs 24.55 ± 10.28), which corresponds to high frequency spectrum component in normalized units and in the LF/HF ratio (2.21 ± 1.47 vs 4.07 ± 2.94). However, in the evaluation of nicotine dependency, significant differences were not observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Only the intensity of smoking consumption had an influence over the cardiac autonomic modulation of the assessed tobacco smokers. Tobacco smokers with severe intensity of smoking consumption presented a lower autonomic modulation than those with moderate intensity.

Resumo Fundamento: O tabagismo altera a função autonômica cardíaca. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da intensidade do consumo tabagístico e do grau de dependência nicotínica na modulação autonômica cardíaca avaliada por meio de índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Métodos: 83 tabagistas, de ambos os sexos, faixa etária entre 50 e 70 anos de idade e com função pulmonar normal foram divididos de acordo com a intensidade do consumo tabagístico (moderado e grave) e o grau de dependência nicotínica (leve, moderado e grave). Os índices de VFC foram analisados em condição de repouso, em métodos lineares no domínio do tempo (DT), domínio da frequência (DF) e pelo plot de Poincaré. Para comparação do consumo tabagístico, foi utilizado teste t não pareado ou Mann-Whitney. Para análise entre os graus de dependência nicotínica, foi utilizado teste One-way ANOVA seguido de pós-teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Dunn. O nível de significância foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: Diferenças só foram encontradas quando comparadas às diferentes intensidades do consumo tabagístico nos índices no DF: LFun (62,89 ± 15,24 vs 75,45 ± 10,28), que corresponde ao componente espectral de baixa frequência em unidades normalizadas; HFun (37,11 ± 15,24 vs 24,55 ± 10,28), que corresponde ao componente espectral de alta frequência em unidades normalizadas e na relação LF/HF (2,21 ± 1,47 vs 4,07 ± 2,94). No entanto, na avaliação da dependência nicotínica não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Apenas a intensidade do consumo tabagístico promoveu influências sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca dos tabagistas avaliados. Tabagistas com intensidade de consumo tabagístico grave apresentaram menor modulação autonômica do que tabagistas moderados.

Association between physical activity in daily life and pulmonary function in adult smokers / Associação entre o nível de atividade física na vida diária e a função pulmonar em tabagistas adultos

Objective: To determine whether the level of physical activity in daily life (PADL) is associated with pulmonary function in adult smokers. Methods: We selected 62 adult smokers from among the participants of an epidemiological study conducted in the city of Santos, Brazil. The subjects underwent forced spirometry for pulmonary function assessment. The level of PADL was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and triaxial accelerometry, the device being used for seven days. The minimum level of PADL, in terms of quantity and intensity, was defined as 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Correlations between the studied variables were tested with Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient, depending on the distribution of the variables. We used linear multiple regression in order to analyze the influence of PADL on the spirometric variables. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Evaluating all predictors, corrected for confounding factors, and using pulmonary function data as outcome variables, we found no significant associations between physical inactivity, as determined by accelerometry, and spirometric indices. The values for FVC were lower among the participants with arterial hypertension, and FEV1/FVC ratios were lower among those with diabetes mellitus. Obese participants and those with dyslipidemia presented with lower values for FVC and FEV1. Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is no consistent association between physical inactivity and pulmonary function in adult smokers. Smoking history should be given special attention in COPD prevention strategies, as should cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities.

Objetivo: Determinar se há associações entre o nível de atividade física na vida diária (AFVD) e a função pulmonar em tabagistas adultos. Métodos: Foram selecionados 62 tabagistas adultos de um estudo epidemiológico, realizado na cidade de Santos (SP). Os participantes realizaram o teste de espirometria forçada para a avaliação da função pulmonar. O nível de AFVD foi avaliado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física e por acelerometria triaxial (aparelho utilizado por sete dias). O nível mínimo de AFVD, em termos de quantidade e intensidade, foi definido como 150 min/semana de atividade física moderada a vigorosa durante o monitoramento. As correlações entre as variáveis estudadas foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman conforme a distribuição das variáveis. A influência de AFVD nas variáveis espirométricas foi avaliada por meio de análise de regressão múltipla linear. O nível de significância foi estipulado em 5%. Resultados: Quando avaliados todos os preditores corrigidos para fatores de confusão e utilizando dados da função pulmonar como variáveis de desfecho, não foram observadas associações significativas entre a inatividade física avaliada por acelerometria e os índices espirométricos. As análises mostraram valores inferiores da CVF em participantes com hipertensão arterial e da relação VEF1/CVF nos participantes com diabetes mellitus. Os participantes obesos e os dislipidêmicos apresentaram valores inferiores de CVF e VEF1. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que a inatividade física apresenta associação pouco consistente com a função pulmonar de tabagistas adultos. A carga tabágica, assim como comorbidades cardiovasculares e metabólicas, deveriam ser priorizadas em estratégias preventivas da DPOC.

Correlation between heart rate variability and pulmonary function adjusted by confounding factors in healthy adults

The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis, which is the state of balance in the body. That balance can be determined simply and noninvasively by evaluating heart rate variability (HRV). However, independently of autonomic control of the heart, HRV can be influenced by other factors, such as respiratory parameters. Little is known about the relationship between HRV and spirometric indices. In this study, our objective was to determine whether HRV correlates with spirometric indices in adults without cardiopulmonary disease, considering the main confounders (e.g., smoking and physical inactivity). In a sample of 119 asymptomatic adults (age 20-80 years), we evaluated forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). We evaluated resting HRV indices within a 5-min window in the middle of a 10-min recording period, thereafter analyzing time and frequency domains. To evaluate daily physical activity, we instructed participants to use a triaxial accelerometer for 7 days. Physical inactivity was defined as <150 min/week of moderate to intense physical activity. We found that FVC and FEV1, respectively, correlated significantly with the following aspects of the RR interval: standard deviation of the RR intervals (r =0.31 and 0.35), low-frequency component (r =0.38 and 0.40), and Poincaré plot SD2 (r =0.34 and 0.36). Multivariate regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical inactivity, and cardiovascular risk, identified the SD2 and dyslipidemia as independent predictors of FVC and FEV1 (R2=0.125 and 0.180, respectively, for both). We conclude that pulmonary function is influenced by autonomic control of cardiovascular function, independently of the main confounders.

Oxidative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunction are present in healthy smokers

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke seems to be related to an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and changes in muscular and physical performances of healthy smokers. However, these parameters have not yet been evaluated simultaneously in previous studies. The participants of this study were healthy males divided into two groups: smokers (n=20) and non-smokers (n=20). Inflammation was evaluated by measuring plasma levels of the cytokines IL-10, IL-6 e TNF-α, and of the soluble receptors sTNFR1 and sTNFR2. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) plasma levels, total antioxidant capacity of plasma and erythrocytes activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Muscular performance was evaluated by measuring the peak torque of knee flexors and extensors, and by determining the total work of the knee extensors. Physical performance was assessed by measuring the peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), the maximum heart rate (HRmax) and the walking distance in the shuttle walking test. Smokers showed an increase in the levels of the sTNFR1 and TBARS and a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, in the catalase activity and in the total work (P<0.05). IL-6, IL-10, sTNFR2, SOD, peak torque, VO2 peak, HRmax and walking distance were similar between groups. Smokers presented increased oxidative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunction, demonstrating that the changes in molecular and muscular parameters occur simultaneously in healthy smokers.

Are smoking and passive smoking related with heart rate variability in male adolescents? / O tabagismo e o fumo passivo estão relacionados com a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em adolescentes homens?

Objective To analyze the relation between smoking and passive smoking with heart rate variability parameters in male adolescents. Methods The sample consisted of 1,152 males, aged 14 and 19 years. Data related to smoking and passive smoking were collected using a questionnaire. RR intervals were obtained by a heart rate monitor, on supine position, for 10 minutes. After collecting the RR intervals, time (standard deviation of all RR intervals, root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals and the percentage of adjacent intervals over 50ms) and frequency domains (low and high frequency and sympathovagal balance) parameters of heart rate variability were obtained. Results No significant differences between smoker and nonsmoker adolescents were observed in heart rate variability parameters (p>0.05). Similarly, heart rate variability parameters did not show significant difference between exposed and not exposed to passive smoking (p>0.05). Conclusion Cigarette smoking and passive smoking are not related to heart rate variability in adolescence. .

Objetivo Analisar a relação entre o tabagismo e o fumo passivo com os parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em adolescentes do sexo masculino. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 1.152 adolescentes, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 14 e 19 anos. Dados referentes ao hábito de fumar e ao fumo passivo foram coletados por questionário. Os intervalos RR foram obtidos por meio de um cardio frequencímetro na posição supina durante 10 minutos. Após a coleta dos intervalos RR, os parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca do domínio do tempo (desvio padrão de todos os intervalos RR, raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes e percentagem dos intervalos adjacentes com mais de 50ms) e da frequência (bandas de baixa e alta frequência e balanço simpatovagal) foram obtidos. Resultados Os parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca entre adolescentes tabagistas e não tabagistas não apresentaram diferenças significantes (p>0,05). Da mesma forma, a comparação entre expostos e não expostos ao fumo passivo em relação aos parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca também não apresentou diferenças significantes (p>0,05). Conclusão O tabagismo e o fumo passivo não estão relacionados com a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca na adolescência. .

Effects of smoking on venous cannulation pain: a randomized prospective trial / Efeitos do tabagismo sobre a dor durante o cateterismo venoso: um estudo prospectivo e randomizado / Efectos del tabaquismo sobre el dolor durante el cateterismo venoso: un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that smoking increases pain perception; however the effect of smoking on perception of pain during venous cannulation is not known. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not smoking has an effect on pain perception due to peripheral venous cannulation. METHODS: 220 patients scheduled to have elective surgery were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups (Group S and C, n = 110 for each) according to their smoking habits. Numerical rating scale was introduced to the patients and then peripheral venous cannulation at the dorsum of the hand was made with a 20 G intracath. Pain perception of the patients was scored by subsequent numerical rating scale questioning. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of the groups were identical. Numerical rating scale scores in Group S and C were 3.31 ± 1.56 and 1.65 ± 1.23, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pain perception due to peripheral venous cannulation is higher in smokers. Future studies on pain treatment should consider the smoking habits of patients. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sabe-se que o tabagismo aumenta a percepção de dor; porém, o efeito do tabagismo sobre a percepção da dor durante o cateterismo venoso não é conhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o tabagismo tem ou não algum efeito sobre a percepção da dor durante a punção venosa periférica. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 220 pacientes agendados para cirurgia eletiva randomicamente alocados em dois grupos: Grupo S (n = 110) e Grupo C (n = 110), de acordo com seus hábitos tabagísticos. Os pacientes foram instruídos sobre o uso da escala numérica de classificação da dor e, em seguida, a punção venosa periférica foi feita no dorso da mão com um cateter de calibre 20G (Intracath(r)). A percepção de dor dos pacientes foi posteriormente registrada de acordo com os escores da escala numérica. RESULTADOS: As características demográficas dos grupos eram idênticas. Os escores da escala numérica de dor dos grupos S e C foram 3,31 ± 1,56 e 1,65 ± 1,23, respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A percepção da dor por causa da punção venosa periférica é maior em fumantes. Estudos futuros sobre o tratamento da dor devem considerar os hábitos tabagísticos dos pacientes. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Se sabe que el tabaquismo aumenta la percepción de dolor; sin embargo, el efecto del tabaquismo sobre la percepción del dolor durante el cateterismo venoso no se conoce. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el tabaquismo tiene o no algún efecto sobre la percepción del dolor durante la punción venosa periférica. MÉTODOS: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 220 pacientes programados para cirugía electiva aleatoriamente ubicados en 2 grupos: grupo S (n = 110) y grupo C (n = 110), de acuerdo con sus hábitos tabáquicos. A los pacientes se les informó sobre el uso de la escala numérica de clasificación del dolor y a continuación se realizó la punción venosa periférica en el dorso de la mano con un catéter de calibre 20 G (Intracath(r)). La percepción de dolor de los pacientes fue posteriormente registrada de acuerdo con las puntuaciones de la escala numérica. RESULTADOS: Las características demográficas de los grupos eran idénticas. Las puntuaciones de la escala numérica de dolor de los grupos S y C fueron 3,31 ± 1,56 y 1,65 ± 1,23 respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: La percepción del dolor por punción venosa periférica es mayor en los fumadores. Estudios futuros sobre el tratamiento del dolor deben tener en cuenta los hábitos tabáquicos de los pacientes. .

Effect of the exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood on the body mass index until adolescence / Efeito do tabagismo materno durante gestação e infância sobre o índice de massa corporal até a adolescência

OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of exposure to smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on changes in the body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence.METHODS A population-based cohort of children (0-5 years old) from Cuiabá, Midwest Brazil, was assessed in 1999-2000 (n = 2,405). Between 2009 and 2011, the cohort was re-evaluated. Information about birth weight was obtained from medical records, and exposure to smoking during pregnancy and childhood was assessed at the first interview. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and preschool age, and the body mass index of children at birth, childhood and adolescence.RESULTS Only 11.3% of the mothers reported smoking during pregnancy, but most of them (78.2%) also smoked during early childhood. Among mothers who smoked only during pregnancy (n = 59), 97.7% had smoked only in the first trimester. The changes in body mass index at birth and in childhood were similar for children exposed and those not exposed to maternal smoking. However, from childhood to adolescence the rate of change in the body mass index was higher among those exposed only during pregnancy than among those who were not exposed.CONCLUSIONS Exposure to smoking only during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, seems to affect changes in the body mass index until adolescence, supporting guidelines that recommend women of childbearing age to stop smoking.

OBJETIVO Analisar se a exposição ao tabagismo materno durante a gravidez e no início da infância afeta as mudanças no índice de massa corporal entre o nascimento e a adolescência.MÉTODOS Realizado estudo de coorte de base populacional com 2.405 crianças (0 a 5 anos) nascidas em Cuiabá, Brasil, e avaliadas de 1999 a 2000. De 2009 a 2011, esse grupo foi reavaliado. Peso ao nascer foi obtido a partir de registros médicos e a exposição ao tabagismo durante a gravidez e infância foi avaliada na primeira entrevista. Modelos lineares de efeitos mistos foram utilizados para estimar a associação entre a exposição ao tabagismo materno, durante a gravidez e a fase pré-escolar, e o índice de massa corporal das crianças ao nascer e durante a infância e adolescência.RESULTADOS Apenas 11,3% das mães relataram fumar durante a gravidez, sendo que a maioria delas (78,2%) também fumou durante a fase pré-escolar da criança. Entre as mães que fumaram exclusivamente durante a gravidez (n = 59), 97,7% fumaram somente no primeiro trimestre. As mudanças de índice de massa corporal entre o nascimento e a infância foram semelhantes entre as crianças expostas e não expostas ao tabagismo materno. Entretanto, entre a infância e a adolescência, a taxa de variação do índice de massa corporal foi maior entre os expostos ao tabagismo materno apenas durante a gravidez quando comparado aos não expostos.CONCLUSÕES A exposição ao fumo apenas durante a gravidez, especialmente no primeiro trimestre, pode afetar as mudanças no índice de massa corporal até a adolescência, apoiando a recomendação de cessação do tabagismo entre as mulheres em idade fértil.

Daily assessment of arterial distensibility in a pediatric population before and after smoking cessation

OBJECTIVES: Cigarette smoking is an important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor associated with increased stiffness of the large arteries in adulthood. This study aimed to 1) evaluate arterial distensibility and echocardiographic measures in adolescent smokers before and after participation in a successful smoking cessation program and to 2) compare the findings obtained with data from a control population of healthy non-smokers. METHODS: A total of 31 young smoking subjects (58.1% male; range: 11-18 years old; mean: 16.5±1.4 years old; mean tobacco consumption: 2.6±0.6 years) were examined before commencing and after taking part for at least 1 year in a smoking cessation program (mean: 1.4±0.3 years). Arterial stiffness was measured using the previously validated QKd100-60 method. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and transthoracic echocardiography were also performed. RESULTS: (Smokers before abuse cessation vs. smokers after abuse cessation) systolic blood pressure: p<0.004; diastolic blood pressure: p<0.02; mean blood pressure: p<0.01; QKd100-60 value: 183±5 vs. 196±3 msec, p<0.009; p = ns for all echocardiographic parameters. (Smokers after abuse cessation vs. controls) systolic blood pressure: p<0.01; diastolic blood pressure: p<0.03; mean blood pressure: p<0.02; QKd100-60 value: 196±3 vs. 203±2 msec, p<0.04; p<0.02, p<0.01, and p<0.05 for the interventricular septum, posterior wall, and left ventricular mass, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite successful participation in a smoking cessation program, arterial distensibility improved but did not normalize. This finding underlines the presence of the harmful effect of arterial rigidity in these individuals, despite their having quit smoking and their young ages, thus resulting in the subsequent need for a lengthy follow-up period. .

Influencia do tabagismo isolado e associado a aspectos multifatoriais nos parametros acusticos vocais / Influence of smoking isolated and associated to multifactorial aspects in vocal acoustic parameters

Introdução: O fumo pode interferir negativamente na qualidade vocal e outros fatores associados, como o uso profissional da voz, hábitos, etilismo e refluxo gástrico-esofágico, podem potencializar essa interferência. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação do tabagismo e dos demais fatores aos parâmetros acústicos vocais. Forma de estudo: Estudo de coorte contemporâneo com corte transversal. Materiais e métodos: Participaram do estudo 80 adultos, entre 35 e 60 anos, classificados nos grupos fumante (GF) e controle (GC). Foi realizada aplicação de questionário e gravação das vozes. A avaliação acústica foi realizada com o software Praat. Foram utilizados os testes Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e regressão linear simples. Resultados: O GF apresentou maior prevalência de etilismo, tosse, hábito de pigarrear e uso profissional da voz, assim como apresentou valores aumentados para relação ruído-harmônico (NHR), jitter e shimmer. Foi estabelecida correlação entre o gênero feminino e todos os parâmetros acústicos, assim como entre o RGE, o aumento do jitter e o hábito de fumar, o agravamento da frequência fundamental, o aumento do jitter, o shimmer e a NHR. Conclusão: O fumo interfere nos parâmetros acústicos de modo isolado e/ou associado ao etilismo, tosse, hábito de pigarrear, RGE e uso profissional da voz. .

Introduction: Smoking affect voice quality in a long period of time, but other factors may compromise it, such as professional using of voice, habits, alcohol dependence and GERD. The aim was associate the influence of these factors on vocal parameters. Study design: Contemporary cohort study with cross-sectional. Materials and methods: Eighty adults of 35 to 60 years old had participated in this study, they had been divided into two groups, smokers (GF) and control (GC). There was application of questionnaire and voices were recorded. Praat software has been used for voice assessment and Man-Whitney, chi-square and logistic regression has been used for statistical analysis. Results: The GF had a higher incidence of alcohol dependence, coughing, throat clearing and professional voice using. Respecting to the acoustic parameters: noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR), jitter and shimmer, the GF presented higher values. Relating these data to the questionnaire, it's noticed that female gender have influence over all acoustic parameters, GERD have influence over jitter and smoking can affect fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer and NHR. Conclusion: Smoking interferes in acoustics parameters isolated and associated with alcohol dependence, GERD, cough, throat clearing, gender and professional using of voice. .

Influência do tabagismo no resultado de recobrimento radicular: uma revisão sistemática / Influence of smoking on root coverage outcomes: a systematic review

Introdução: A recessão gengival tem a prevalência maior que 50% em adultos, em uma comparação entre fumantes e não-fumantes. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram que os fumantes apresentam piores parâmetros clínicos periodontais do que os não fumantes, dentre eles a extensão e severidade de recessões gengivais. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma revisão sistemática visando estabelecer a influência do cigarro sobre o recobrimento radicular. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed e Cochrane, através do cruzamento dos seguintes descritores: gingival recession, root coverage, smoking, cigarette e tobacco, além de uma busca manual em revistas de periodontia. Os critérios de inclusão dos artigos foram organizados quanto ao hábito de tabagismo, características da recessão gengival e parâmetros para recobrimento radicular, sendo que todos os estudos deveriam ser clínicos e controlados. A busca foi finalizada com 7 artigos. Foram avaliados os parâmetros clínicos de recobrimento completo (RC), recessão gengival inicial (RGI), recessão gengival final (RGF), alteração da recessão gengival (ARG), porcentagem de recobrimento radicular (RR) e alteração na quantidade de tecido queratinizado (TQ).Resultados: Os resultados mostram que fumantes comparados aos não-fumantes, obtêm menor porcentagem de sítios com completo recobrimento radicular (6% e 43%,respectivamente), apresentam uma menor alteração no tamanho da recessão gengival(2,0mm e 2,7mm, respectivamente) e permanecem com maior recessão gengival residual(1,4mm e 0,6mm, respectivamente).Conclusões: Independente da técnica cirúrgica utilizada, ambos os grupos apresentam uma melhora na recessão gengival, porém os resultados apresentados pelos indivíduos fumantes não são tão satisfatórios quanto os não fumantes.

Introduction: The prevalence of gingival recession is 50% larger in adults smokers than non smokers. Epidemiological studies show that smokers have worse periodontal clinical parameters than non-smokers, including the extent and severityof gingival recession. The aim of this study was a systematic review aimed to establish the influence of smoking on the root guards. Methods: Thus, we conducted a search in the databases Pubmed and Cochrane databases, by crossing the following key words: gingival recession, root coverage,smoking, cigarette and tobacco, and a manual search magazines in periodontics. Inclusion criteria for the inclusion in this review were organized on the smoking habits, characteristics of gingival recession, root parameters and for coating, and all the clinical studies should be controlled . The search end with 7 articles. Were assessed using clinical parameters of complete coating (RC), gingival recession initial(RGI), gingival recession period (RGF), change in gingival recession (ARG), covering percentage root (RR) and change the amount of keratinized tissue (TQ). Results: The results of this study show that smokers compared to nonsmokers, get a smaller percentage of sites with complete root coating (6% and 43% respectively) and show a smaller change in the size of the gingival recession (2.0 mm and 2.7 mmrespectively). Conclusions: Within the limits of this study can be concluded that regardless of surgical technique, both groups show an improvement in gingival recession, but the results reported by smokers are not as satisfactory as those submitted by non-smokers.

Experimental model of smoking and simulation of reflux with acid and pepsin in rats / Modelo experimental de tabagismo e simulação de refluxo com ácido e pepsina em ratos

PURPOSE: To develop experimental models to evaluate the effects of hydrochloric acid associated with the pepsin instilled in the mucosa of the upper esophagus and the esophagogastric junction of young male rats Wistar, simulating injury caused by gastroesophageal reflux on the mucosa of aero-digestive tract in humans as well as the action of the risk exposure of mucosa to cigarette smoke. METHODS: Fifty young male Wistar rats divided in 5 groups with 10 animals each one, respectively simulating pharyngo-laryngeal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux, pharyngo-laryngeal reflux and smoking, smoking only, gastroesophageal reflux and control group. RESULTS: The histopathologic studies no recorded neoplasias, only mild changes and no significant alterations. The hemo-oximetry (carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobim) and CO2 concentration confirm that the animals were submitted to high intensity of exposure to carcinogens in tobacco and its derivatives. CONCLUSION: The experimental models were highly efficient, practical, easy to use and economical and can be employed in other similar studies to determine the harmful effects by smoking and reflux.

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver modelos experimentais para avaliar os efeitos do ácido clorídrico associado a pepsina, instilados na mucosa da parte superior do esôfago e da junção esofagogástrica de jovens ratos Wistar, simulando lesão causada por refluxo gastroesofágico na mucosa do trato aero-digestivo em humanos, bem como a ação da exposição ao risco de mucosa, como a fumaça de cigarro. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta jovens ratos Wistar divididos em cinco grupos com 10 animais cada um, respectivamente, simulando o refluxo faringo-laríngeo e refluxo gastroesofágico, refluxo faringo-laríngeo e tabagismo, tabagismo só, refluxo gastroesofágico e grupo controle. RESULTADOS: os estudos histopatológicos não registraram neoplasias, apenas leves alterações e não significativas. O hemo-oximetria (carboxiemoglobina e metemoglobina) e concentração de CO2 corroboram que os animais foram submetidos a alta intensidade de exposição a substâncias cancerígenas do tabaco e seus derivados. CONCLUSÃO: os modelos experimentais desenvolvidos foram altamente eficientes, práticos, fáceis de usar e econômicos podendo ser empregados em outros estudos semelhantes para determinar os efeitos prejudiciais causados pelo tabagismo e refluxo.